Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it is more stable than what one might expect.
The country is seeking a new paradigm of development. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence society. However, there are signs that a secular culture is beginning to emerge.
Origins
In the early days the ancestors of the modern Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock and produced furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metallurgy industry, producing bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan along with art styles as well as a written language and papermaking.
Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy with the monarch and top officials came from the aristocracy of the land, while the rest of its population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or construct fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. The new kingdom expanded its territory into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thinking into its state beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety concept an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were responsible to their families. They must be obeyed by all and respected even by their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 until 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication between people, and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also refined. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence for human settlements is evident in the form graves lined with stone, with precious goods like amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, built from huge single stones, are common throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. After that, the peninsula was ruled by various states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. The northern portion of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a true Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje, the most powerful of these states was diminished by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) and was left with only its southern territories in Manchuria and the the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a while.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territorial holdings. Silla, with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period the way it develops appears to be in flux. The people who are awed by the cost of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand, those who support the old system want to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears of job loss.
Analysts and academics are divided on the extent to which Korea's evolution is influenced by these two trends. This article analyzes the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development including democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies some important factors that appear to be influencing these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views to this population. A survey in 2009 found that nearly one third of respondents do not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there wasn't enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% claimed that the theory contradicted their religion; and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. This level of disbelief approaches that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and bringing them to Christ. A significant rise in interest in creation science came in 1980, with the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event attracted a huge number of church leaders and scientists.
The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st in 1980. The event was extensively covered in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for the existence of God. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR, as well as some books on the subject that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in universities and churches across the country.
A KACR success was seen at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised funds and received funding to construct an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. This magazine covers topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branches, which hold seminars and present talks to children in schools and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late 19th century and into the early 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts, and other fashion elements from abroad. In the same way, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In this time, the famous samulnori or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers as well as other musical instruments.
Korea's new development model is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The primary challenge for the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or discipline schemes that have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and migrants from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders across the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. 에볼루션 카지노 was the ruler of a large portion of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the central government system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.